When a customer provides a card number, but the card and the customer are not physically present at the merchant's location, the purchase is known as a

card-not-present transaction

.

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card-not-present transactions can be initiated either by the cardholder or the merchant.

Online transaction security is bolstered by mechanisms such as CVV and

3-D Secure

, which play crucial roles in verifying cardholder identity and preventing fraudulent activities. The Card Verification Value (CVV) is a three- or four-digit number found on the back of credit or debit cards, providing an additional layer of security by confirming that the person making the transaction physically possesses the card. Meanwhile,

3-D Secure

is a security protocol that adds an extra layer of authentication to online transactions. It typically involves sending a one-time password (OTP) to the cardholder's registered mobile device, ensuring that only the legitimate cardholder can authorize the transaction.

Currently,

3-D Secure

authentication is supported only for cardholder-initiated transactions and version 2.1.0 of the

3-D Secure

protocol.